According to the Innocence Project, which works to free the wrongfully convicted, 26 people have been wrongly jailed due to bite-mark analysis. The group is lobbying for reform, as bite-mark analysis is still being used by courts. But forensic dentists (also known as forensic odontologists) don't just work on bite-mark analysis. They also are tasked with identifying the dead by their teeth. So let's start by looking at the system that all dentists use to distinguish one tooth from another. One of the earliest known examples of forensic dentistry involved Agrippina, the mother of Roman emperor Nero. In 49 B.C., Agrippina ordered the death of her rival, Lollia Paulina, who was in competition with her to be the wife of Emperor Claudius. Agrippina demanded to see Lollia Paulina's head as proof of her death, but she wasn't sure that her rival was dead until she noticed Lollia Paulina's distinctive discolored front teeth. Another famous foray into forensic dentistry was that of Paul Revere, who in addition to being a blacksmith was also a dentist. He helped identify Revolutionary War dead who had been buried on the battlefield by their teeth and dental work. Revere was able to identify Dr. Joseph Warren, the man who sent him on his famous ride, because he had made him a partial out of silver wire and pieces of hippo tusk. Reagan says in an email. After that, they measure how happy the words are in chunks of text. Reagan says. "As we move that 10,000 word window through the text, we generate the time series of emotion in the book." And voila - you have the emotional arc of a story. By using texts on Project Gutenberg, they narrowed down a list of 1,327 stories to analyze. They used language-processing filters that would find the underlying shapes in the arcs, and then group them in clusters of similar arcs. An artificial neural network helped figure out which arcs were part of an actual storyline. Reagan says of the three tools used. The data showed that six emotional story lines can be identified: 'rags to riches' (sentiment rises), 'riches to rags' (fall), 'man in a hole' (fall-rise), 'icarus' (rise-fall), 'Cinderella' (rise-fall-rise), 'Oedipus' (fall-rise-fall). They also listed the stories that are represented by their core emotional arc, sorted on the number of Gutenberg downloads: "The Importance Of Being Earnest" dominated the rise category, "The Picture of Dorian Gray" for fall, "Dubliners," for fall-rise, Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" for rise-fall, "Treasure Island" for the rise-fall-rise and "Frankenstein" for fall-rise-fall. But one thing Reagan points out is that they were only looking at English-language stories, which might limit our understanding about storytelling in different traditions. So what's the point of knowing how stories shape up? For one, it's enticing for artificial intelligence study. Reagan says of the emotional arc research. So watch out, Dave - HAL might just know how your story ends before you do. Another thing this might be useful for? Writers. "The emotional arc of a story is certainly an important consideration for storytelling and is useful to consider for writing," Reagan points out. They're now working on a tool to make it available to writers. Sign up here for updates.
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